What Is Graduate School? Why Go? Master's and PhDs • PrepScholar GRE

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For example, in a culture where most illnesses are believed to be caused by witchcraft, as is the case for the Zande people of central Africa, any successful health intervention or education program would of necessity take into account their very real belief in witchcraft. Make your final editing decisions based on what will convey you most accurately as you see it. Always check with your programs to figure out which test scores, if any, they require.

Many will say they have had a love affair with books — that phrase may sound passionate until you've read it a couple of hundred times. Choosing a program that matches your goals is important.

What to Expect in Graduate School

Student receives degree from the2013 A graduate school sometimes shortened as grad school is a that awards advanced i. A distinction is typically made between graduate schools where courses of study vary in the degree to which they provide training for a particular profession andwhich offer specialized advanced degrees in professional fields such as,or. The distinction between graduate schools and professional schools is not absolute, as various professional schools offer graduate degrees and vice versa. Many award graduate degrees; a graduate school is not necessarily a separate institution. While the term graduate school is typical in the and often used elsewhere e. Those attending graduate schools are called graduate students in both andor often in British English as postgraduate students and, colloquially, postgraduates and postgrads. Degrees awarded to graduate students include master's degrees, doctoral degrees, and other postgraduate qualifications such as graduate certificates and. Producing is a significant component of graduate studies in the humanities e. This research typically leads to the writing and of a. In graduate programs that are oriented towards professional training e. The term graduate school is primarily. Additionally, in North America, the term does not usually refer to whose students are called medical studentsand only occasionally refers to or ; these are often collectively termed professional schools. Graduate students in the humanities, sciences and social sciences often receive funding from the school e. Unlike in undergraduate programs, however, it is less common for graduate students to take outside their specific field of study at graduate or level. Further information: Graduate degrees in Brazil are called postgraduate degrees, and can be taken only after an undergraduate education has been concluded. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time. Usually serves as additional qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market and maybe later a PhDor for those who want to pursue a PhD. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a master's degree stricto sensumeaning that a Lato Sensu Degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program. Usually used as a stepping stone for academic life. The Association brings together 58 Canadian universities with graduate programs, two national graduate student associations, and the three federal research-granting agencies and organizations having an interest in graduate studies. Its mandate is to promote, advance, and foster excellence in graduate education and university research in Canada. In addition to an annual conference, the association prepares briefs on issues related to graduate studies including supervision, funding, and professional development. Some schools require samples of the student's writing as well as a. At English-speaking universities, applicants from countries where English is not the primary language are required to submit scores from the Test of English as a Foreign Language. Admission to a doctoral program typically requires a master's degree in a related field, sufficiently high grades, recommendations, samples of writing, a research proposal, and an interview with what is a grad school prospective supervisor. Requirements are often set higher than those for a master's program. Many Canadian graduate programs allow students who start in a master's to reclassify into a Ph. Students must usually declare their research goal or submit a research proposal upon entering graduate school; in the case of master's degrees, there will be some flexibility that is, one is not held to one's research proposal, although major changes, for example from premodern to modern history, are discouraged. Master's degrees can be completed in one year but normally take at least two; they typically may not exceed five years. Doctoral degrees require a minimum of two years but frequently take much longer, although not usually exceeding six years. Students often agree, as a condition of acceptance to a programme, not to devote more than twelve hours per week to work or outside interests. Various universities in Canada have different policies in terms of how much funding is available. This funding may also be different within a university in each of the disciplines. For Masters students, funding is generally available to first-year students whose reflect exceptionally high grades; this funding can also be obtained in the second year of studies. Funding is available in the form ofand other awards, both private and public. Most faculties require both, with the emphasis on research, and with coursework being directly related to the field of research. Master's candidates undertaking research are typically required to complete a comprising some original research and ranging from seventy to two-hundred pages. Some fields may require candidates to study at least one foreign language if they have not already earned sufficient foreign-language credits. Some faculties require candidates tobut many do not. Those that do not often have a requirement of taking two additional courses, minimum, in lieu of preparing a thesis. Some faculties require candidates to earn sufficient credits in a third or fourth foreign language; for example, most candidates in modern Japanese topics must demonstrate ability in English,andwhile candidates in pre-modern Japanese topics must demonstrate ability in English, Japanese,and. At English-speaking Canadian universities, both master's and Ph. In exceptional circumstances, a thesis may be presented in French. French-speaking universities have varying sets of rules; some will accept students with little knowledge of French if they can communicate with their supervisors usually in English. These schools have the responsibilities of providing students with a structured doctoral training in a disciplinary field. The field of the school is related to the strength of the university : while some have two or three schools typically Arts and Humanities and Natural and Technological Sciencesothers have more specialized schools History, Aeronautics, etc. Admission to a doctoral program requires a master's degree, both research-oriented and disciplinary focused. High marks are required typically a très bien honour, equating a cum laudebut the acceptance is linked to a decision of the School Academical Board. A large share of the funding offered to junior researchers is channeled through the école doctorale, mainly in the shape of three-years Doctoral Fellowships contrats doctoraux. These fellowships are awarded after submitting a biographical what is a grad school, undergraduate and graduate transcripts where applicable, letters of recommendation, and research proposal, then an oral examination by an Academical Committee. See also: The traditional and most common way of obtaining a doctorate in Germany is by doing so individually under supervision of a single professor Doktorvater or Doktormutter without any formal curriculum. During their studies, doctoral students are enrolled at university while being employed simultaneously either at the university itself, at a research institute or at a company as a researcher. Unlike the American model of graduate schools, only doctoral students participate in a Graduiertenkolleg. In contrast to the traditional German model of doctoral studies, a Graduiertenkolleg aims to provide young researchers with a structured doctoral training under supervision of a team of professors within an excellent research environment. The research programme is usually narrowly defined around a specific topic and has an interdisciplinary aspect. The official English translation of the term Graduiertenkolleg is Research Training Group. They are thematically much broader than the focused Graduiertenkollegs and consist often of 100-200 doctoral students. They often coordinate the supervision and training of candidates for. The best way to determine how a graduate program will weigh admission materials is to ask the person in charge of graduate admissions at the particular program being applied to. Admission to graduate school requires a bachelor's degree. High grades in one's field of study are important—grades outside the field less so. In addition, good from undergraduate instructors are often essential, as strong recommendation letters from mentors or supervisors of undergraduate research experience provide evidence that the applicant can perform research and can handle the rigors of a graduate school education. Within the sciences and some social sciences, previous research experience may be important. By contrast, within most humanities disciplines, an example of academic writing normally suffices. Many universities require a personal statement sometimes called orwhich may include indications of the intended area s of research; how detailed this statement is or whether it is possible to change one's focus of research depends strongly on the discipline and department to which the student is applying. Some schools set minimum and test scores below which they will not accept any applicants; this reduces the time spent reviewing applications. Instead, they claim to consider many factors, including past research achievements, the compatibility between the applicant's research interest and that of the faculty, the statement of purpose and the letters of reference, as stated above. Some programs also require professors to act as sponsors. Finally, applicants from non-English speaking countries often must take the Test of English as a Foreign Language. At most institutions, decisions regarding admission are not made by the institution itself but the department to which the student is applying. Some departments may require interviews before making a decision to accept an applicant. Most universities adhere to the Council of Graduate Schools' Resolution Regarding Graduate Scholars, Fellows, Trainees, and Assistants, which gives applicants until April 15 to accept or reject offers that contain financial support. Admission to the Non Degree category is usually restricted primarily to those who may benefit professionally from additional study at the graduate level. For example, current primary, middle grades and secondary education teachers wishing to gain re-certification credit most commonly apply as Non Degree-Seeking students. In some cases, master's programs allow successful students to continue toward the doctorate degree. The master's component of a doctorate program often requires one or two years. Many graduate programs require students to pass one or several examinations in order to demonstrate their competence as scholars. In some departments, a is often required in the first year of doctoral study, and is designed to test a student's background undergraduate-level knowledge. Examinations of this type are more common in the sciences and some social sciences but relatively unknown in most humanities disciplines. Most graduate students perform teaching duties, often serving as graders and tutors. In some departments, they can be promoted to status, a position that comes with more responsibility. Doctoral students generally spend roughly their first two to three years taking coursework and begin research by their second year if not before. Many master's and all specialist students will perform research culminating in a paper, presentation, and defense of their research. This is called the master's thesis or, for Educational Specialist students, the specialist paper. Some students complete a final culminating project or capstone rather than a thesis. Such real-world experience may what is a grad school require a candidate work on a project alone or in a team as a consultant, or consultants, for an outside entity approved or selected by the academic institution and under faculty supervision. In the second and third years of study, doctoral programs often require students to pass more examinations. If these examinations are held orally, they may be known colloquially as orals. For some social science and many humanities disciplines, where graduate students may or may not have studied the discipline at the undergraduate level, these exams will be the first set and be based either on graduate coursework or specific preparatory reading sometimes up to a year's work in reading. In all cases, comprehensive exams are normally both stressful and time consuming and must be passed to be allowed to proceed on to the dissertation. Passing such examinations allows the student to stay, begin doctoral research, and rise to the status of a doctoral candidate, while failing usually what is a grad school in the student leaving the program or re-taking the test after some time has passed usually a semester or a year. Some schools have an intermediate category, passing at the master's level, which allows the student to leave with a master's without having completed a master's dissertation. For the next several years the doctoral candidate primarily performs his or her research. Usually this lasts three to eight years, though a few finish more quickly, and some take substantially longer. In total, the typical doctoral what is a grad school takes between four and eight years from entering the program to completion, though this time varies depending upon the department, dissertation topic, and many other factors. For example, degrees take five to six years on average, but degrees take six to seven due to limiting factors of weather, while degrees take five. Though there is substantial variation among universities, departments, and individuals, and doctorates on average take somewhat longer to complete than doctorates. These differences are due to the differing nature of research between the humanities and some social sciences and the natural sciences and to the differing expectations of the discipline in coursework, languages, and length of dissertation. However, time required to complete a also varies according to the candidate's abilities and choice of research. Some students may also choose to remain in a program if they fail to win an academic position, particularly in disciplines with a tight job market; by remaining a student, they can retain access to libraries and university facilities, while also retaining what is a grad school academic affiliation, which can be essential for conferences and job-searches. Traditionally, doctoral programs were only intended to last three to four years and, in some disciplines primarily the natural scienceswith a helpful advisor and a light teaching load, it is possible for the what is a grad school to be completed in that amount of time. However, increasingly many disciplines, including most humanities, set their requirements for coursework, languages, and the expected extent of dissertation research by the assumption that students will take five years minimum or six to seven years on average; competition for jobs within these fields also raises expectations on the length and quality of dissertations considerably. Competition for jobs within certain fields, such as the life sciences, is so great that almost all students now enter a second training period after graduate school called a postdoctoral fellowship. In total most life scientists will invest 12—14 years in low-paid training positions and only 14% will obtain tenure track jobs Miller McCune, the real science gap. The average age at which life scientists obtain their first R01 grant to conduct independent research is now 42. In some disciplines, doctoral programs can average seven to ten years. The increase in length of degree is a matter of great concern for both students and universities, though there is much disagreement on potential solutions to this problem. Many departments, especially those in which students have research or teaching responsibilities, offer Ph. At some elite universities, there may be a minimum stipend established for all Ph. The terms of these stipends vary greatly, and may consist of a scholarship or fellowship, followed by teaching responsibilities. At many elite universities, these stipends have been increasing, in response both to student pressure and especially to competition among the elite universities for graduate students. In some fields, research positions are more coveted than teaching positions because student researchers are typically paid to work on the dissertation they are required to complete anyway, while teaching is generally considered a distraction from one's work. Research positions are more typical of science disciplines; they are relatively uncommon in humanities disciplines, and where they exist, rarely allow the student to work on their own research. Science PhD students can apply for individual fellowships from the or fellowships from private foundations. Departments often have funds for limited discretionary funding to supplement minor expenses such as research trips and travel to conferences. The natural sciences are typically well funded, so that most students can attain either outside or institutional funding, but in the humanities, not all do. Some humanities students borrow money during their coursework, then take full-time jobs while completing their dissertations. Students in the social sciences are less well funded than are students in the natural and physical sciences, but often have more funding opportunities than students in the humanities, particularly as science funders begin to see the value of social science research. Funding differs greatly by departments and universities; some universities give five years of full funding to all Ph. However, because of the teaching requirements, which can be in the research years of the Ph. International students often have unique financial difficulties such as high costs to visit their families back home, support of a family not allowed to work due totuition that is expensive by world standards, and large fees: fees byand fees under the of the. While all graduate employees are graduate students, many graduate students are not employees. In many countries graduate employees have collectively organized in order to bargain a contract with their university. In Canada, for example, almost all graduate employees are members of a local. In the United States there are many graduate employee unions at public universities. The lists 25 recognized unions at public universities on its website. Private universities, however, are covered under the rather than state labor laws and until 2001 there were no recognized unions at private universities. Many graduate students see themselves as akin to junior faculty, but with what is a grad school lower pay. Institutions that rely on cheap graduate student labor have no need to create expensive professorships, so graduate students who have taught extensively in graduate school can find it immensely difficult to get a teaching job when they have obtained their degree. Many institutions depend heavily on graduate student teaching: a 2003 report by agitators for a graduate student union at Yale, for instance, claims that 70% of undergraduate teaching contact hours at Yale are performed by transient teachers: graduate teachers, adjunct instructors, and other teachers not on the tenure track. The state of leads in terms of progressive policy regarding graduate student unions with five universities recognizing graduate employee unions:, the, and. The under the slogan Uniting Academic Workers and the are two international unions that represent graduate employees. Private universities' administrations often oppose their graduate students when they try to form unions, arguing that students should be exempt from labor laws intended for employees. In some cases unionization movements have met with enough student opposition to fail. At the schools where graduate employees are unionized, which positions are unionized vary. Sometimes only one set of employees will unionize e. Typically, fellowship recipients, usually not employed by their university, do not participate. When negotiations fail, graduate employee unions sometimes go on. While graduate student unions can use the same types of strikes that other unions do, they have also what is a grad school use ofwork-ins, marches, rallies, and grade strikes. In a grade strike, graduate students refuse to grade exams and papers and, if the strike lasts until the end of the academic term, also refuse to turn in final grades. Another form of job action is known as work-to-rule, in which graduate student instructors work exactly as many hours as they are paid for and no more. Archived from on 22 October 2011. Process: A Student's Guide to Graduate School in the Sciences, Oxford University Press, 1998. Archived from on April 1, 2004. Includes helpful explanations and tips for all stages of the application process. Preceded by Graduate school age varies Succeeded by or. what is a grad school

One graduate program in Economics might offer expertise in econometrics, microeconomics, macroeconomics, economic development and planning, and financial and monetary economics. GradTrek is much more than another searchable directory. A Good Fit A strong personal statement will describe why you are a good fit for the program, and why the program is a good fit for you. Many institutions will refer to some or all of their advanced degrees as graduate degrees, without distinguishing between graduate and professional schools. Here is a letter of intent sample: This writer chose to take a more personal approach with their content. Choosing a program that matches your goals is important.